The periods indicate when the movement was started. But could still be performed. Mentioned artists could have painted in more movements.

Romanesque
(Inspired by Byzantine Iconography) / 1000-1150 

Gothic
(Medieval art following Romanesque) / 1140-1600

Renaissance
(Painting becomes business including the first famous painters) / 1400-1600
Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, Michelangelo, Jan van Eyck

Mannerism
(Evolved from Renaissance where the human body becomes important) / 1520-1600
El Greco, Raphael and Caravaggio

Baroque
(Evolved from Rennaisance with the use of dark and light) / 1600-1725
Rembrandt van Rijn, Johannes Vermeer, Frans Hals, Bernini

Rococo
(Rejecting the richness of Baroque and becoming more personal) / 1720-1760
Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Jean-Antoine Watteau, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo

Neoclassicism
(Took elements from classical antiquity into art) / 1770-1840
Jacques-Louis David, Antonia Canova, Antoine-Jean Gros, Juan Luna

Romanticism
(Romantic artists emphasized the individual and imagination) / 1800-1850
Fransisco Goya, William Blake, Thomas Cole, J.M.W. Turner

Realism
(Tries to present truthful persentations in art.) / 1840-1870
Gustav Courbet, Édouard Mone, Edward Hopper

Impressionism
(Visible brush strokes and use of dark/light) / 1870-1900
Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Paul Cézanne, Henri Matisse

Naturalism
(Focuses on representative image of nature) / 1880-1900
John Constable, Theodore Rousseau

Post Impressionism
Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Edvard Munch / 1880-1920

Symbolism
(revival inspired by romantic style) /  1880-1910
Victor Vasnetsov, John William Waterhouse

Expressionism/Fauvism
(post impressionism with rich use of colours) / 1890-1939
Marc Chagall, Henri Matisse, Kees van Dongen, André Derain

Art Noveau/Jugendstill
(Very decorative detailed) / 1895-1915
Gustav Klimt, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Jan Toorop, Antoni Gaudi

Cubism/Futurism
(Cubistic shapes are transformed in visuals) / 1905-1939
Pablo Picasso, Kazimir Malevich, Juan Gris, Fernand Léger

Dadaism
(Evolved later in surrealism and was political activism) / 1912-1923
Marcel Duchamp, Hugo Ball

Art Deco
(Evolved from Art Nouveau) / 1920-1935
Reginald Marsh, Rockwell Kent, Josep Maria Sert

Bauhaus
(art style based on design/architecture) / 1920-1925
Walter Gropius, Oskar Schlemmer, Marcel Breuer

Surrealism
(art with unreal presentations) / 1924-1945
Salvador Dali, Rene Margritte

Abstract Expressionism
(style with abstract forms and shapes) / 1945-1960
Jackson Pollock, Piet Mondrian, Kazimir Malevich, Wasilly Kandinksy

Popart / Op Art
(based on industry and consumer market/optical illusion (Op Art)) / 1956-1969
Maurits Cornelius Escher (Op Art), Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein

Minimalism
(question the overly expressive works of Abstract Expressionist) / 1960-1976
Tony Smith, Frank Stella

Photorealism
(Try to reproduce photo's in paintings) / 1968-now
John Baeder, Glennray Tutor, Charles Bell, Mark Bayne

Contemporary Art
(a very large range of styles) / 1978-now
Mark Bradford, Corneille Guillame Beverloo, Karel Appel